Who Else Is In? Multi-Agent Collusion Initation Via Strategic Vagueness

• v1 · Date not supplied

Multi agent LLM systems raise the risk of collusion among agents pursuing objectives hidden from their overseers. When potential partners identities are unknown, collusion first requires initiation: agents must discover one another, often through a public channel observed by ordinary agents and monitors. Strategic vagueness offers a way to navigate this mixed audience, conveying intent to a prospective partner while preserving a plausible ordinary interpretation. We introduce a mutual identification game in which two schemers must identify each other through public interaction, while jointly solving an ordinary task. We find that some models discover successful handshake strategies without explicit signalling guidance, using task compatible exchanges that monitors often fail to flag at low false positive rates. To characterize the communicative capabilities underlying these exchanges, we study a controlled coordination setting. We find an asymmetric response to message explicitness: as messages become more indirect, monitor punishment can fall faster than partner coordination, creating a profitable intermediate regime of strategic vagueness. Together, these findings illustrate a Blackstone style evidential asymmetry: communication sufficient for coordination between agents may remain insufficient for confident detection by monitor, opening a new surface of collusion.