Active Constraints for Simultaneous Guidance and Safety in Handheld Micromanipulation

• v1 · Date not supplied

In micromanipulation, erroneous hand motion limits unaided manipulation accuracy, which can affect task performance and safety in critical applications like microsurgery. Handheld robots (micromanipulators) enable motion accuracy beyond human limits by providing robotic assistance in a low-cost, compact, intuitive form factor. Particularly, active constraints are an effective form of robotic assistance, which aids the operator by restricting the robot's permissible motion based on task-specific requirements or objectives, thereby providing task guidance and enforcing safety. However, existing formulations of active constraints for handheld systems are limited, most notably because of the inability to provide guidance and enforce safety simultaneously. Implementing active constraints with optimization-based methods can address these limitations, but existing implementations are designed for free-standing robots, and neglect that handheld robots actuate relative to the operator's hand with a limited workspace. In this work, we propose an optimization-based active constraint framework for handheld micromanipulation that enables simultaneous guidance and safety enforcement. The formulation was implemented in a handheld robot and demonstrated on a medically relevant artificial task. Results show that the proposed formulation reduced safety violation rate by more than two orders of magnitude relative to baselines, while recovering the threefold accuracy loss from enforcing safety alone.